-----Original Message-----
From: Subrata Mandal [mailto:subrata_mn@hotmail.com]
Sent: Tuesday, August 08, 2006 2:30 PM
To: Mountain Forum - E-conference
Subject: [mf-ec] Land, Energy & Climate Change in the Himalaya

Hello,

Firstly I would like to appreciate the MF team and
conference organizers for selecting extremely relevant
and interesting topics on mountain development for the
e-discussion.

I work as a Senior Economist, Environment Unit,
National Institute of Public Finance and Policy,
India. My research and studies on mountain related
issues began fifteen years back when I started writing
my Ph.D thesis. My main area of interest includes land
use, energy, hydrology, soil erosion, climate change,
use of GIS, appropriate technology, watershed
development and governance in the context of
development in mountain ecosystems.

I hope the e-discussions will bring more clarity about
the responses and strategies to mitigate the impact of
climate change on mountain ecology.

In the case study from the Himalayas I suggest that
land and energy use are two most important factors
that are associated with climate change. For a large
number of people in the Himalayan region land and
energy use are also linked to livelihood options and
influence perception of food security among poor
people. Hence, planning for climate change would have
to address the process of organizing production
activities in a manner such that the factors that
aggravate climate change are minimized while allowing
the population to sustain its livelihood. I have tried
to demonstrate that investments in suitable technology
and choice of efficient inputs can bring about this
balance. Since a large number of factors are involved
in a complex relationship with each other in the
organization of the production system, I have chosen a
mathematical programming framework which can elegantly
handle such problems in a structured manner.

In the paper outlining the case study I have briefly
discussed the problems of sustainable development in
the Himalayan mountains after the introductory section.
(Moderator's Note: The paper is available for download
from Week 2 of the conference website
http://snipurl.com/um8m) In the third section I have
explained the mathematical model that has been used in
the case study. This section has been presented in a
non-technical manner and it actually describes the
problem of the planning exercise. In the following
section the results have been presented which outline
the options for ensuring economic viability and
ecological sustainability from the viewpoint of
climate change and resource conservation. Finally, in
the concluding section some strategies and policies
have been identified that may be adopted in rural
situations with similar eco-regional and agro-
climatic conditions.

Best regards

Subrata Mandal

==============================================
Subrata K Mandal (Ph.D)
Senior Economist
National Institute of Public Finance and Policy
18/2 Satsang Vihar Rd.
Special Institutional Area
New Delhi, India
PIN- 110067
Ph: 91-9871564512 (Mobile)
Fax: 91-11-26852548

-----Original Message-----
From: Don Weir
Sent: Tuesday, August 08, 2006 1:21 PM
To: Mountain Forum - E-conference
Subject: [mf-ec] RE: Planning for Climate Change, Locally

As a hydrogeologist I have seen considerable falls in
the level of the water table in many municipalities
and for other clients (Oil & Gas, chemical and
Forestry Sectors) that I have worked for in the US
and Canada. They are being forced into instituting
well-head protection plans, and are exploring for
additional water through thorough groundwater
exploration plans.

The programs can be expensive but many feel it is
necessary especially after the crypto sporidium
outbreak in Minneapolis 10 or so years ago and the
tragedy that befell Walkerton in Ontario.

I have had discussions with municipal planners in
certain locales in Central Alberta who feel that the
growth of their communities will be adversely affected
by the lack of water. This perceived lack is primarily
due to the demands of other users in South
Saskatchewan watershed as half the water in this river
system must be available for the neighbouring province
of Saskatchewan. These other users include irrigation
farmers, petroleum producers, industry, and other
municipalities.

I was once told by a senior hydrogeologist for the US
Geological Survey that if 1% of the irrigated land in due to the demands of other users in South
Saskatchewan watershed as half the water in this river
system must be available for the neighbouring province
of Saskatchewan. These other users include irrigation
farmers, petroleum producers, industry, and other
municipalities.

I was once told by a senior hydrogeologist for the US
Geological Survey that if 1% of the irrigated land in
the Great Central alley of California was taken out
of production California would not have a water
shortage. Food for thought.

(Moderator’s Note: More discussion about the unique
challenges of managing the South Saskatchewan
watershed, and others like it, will take place next
week with moderator, Robert Halliday.)

A further step would be a concerted effort to
characterize watersheds in a jurisdiction. In Canada,
(although some effort is being made in certain
jurisdictions) this work has largely not been done.
Environment Canada for instance reports on their web
site that only 20% of Canada's aquifers have been
characterized (one must remember that watersheds are
not only surface waters). Very few of these aquifers
have had a vulnerability assessment done. This is
worrying to a professional in the field.

Thanks

Don

Donald V. Weir
Sr. Environmental Geologist, Hydrogeologist
Amberg Corporation
Suite 604, 10025-106 Street
Edmonton, AB T5J 1G4
Canada

Ph. +1 (780) 990-0911
Fax: +1 (780) 988-8876
Cell: +1 (780) 886-2453
email: dweir@amberg.ca
Web: http://www.amberg.ca/

Environmental & Regulatory Consultants

Board member MTBAccess
web: http://www.mtbaccess.com

-----Original Message-----
From: Brenda Lucas
Sent: Wednesday, August 09, 2006 10:47 AM
To: Mountain Forum - E-conference
Subject: [mf-ec] Resource: Planning for Extremes

This research paper was written by Jim Bruce for the
Soil & Water Conservation Society. [Moderator's Note:
This paper will be posted on the conference website
shortly - http://snipurl.com/um8m]

PLANNING for EXTREMES

Adapting to impacts on soil and water from higher
intensity rains with climate change in the Great Lakes
basin looks at changes in rainfall regimes and
assesses projected changes into the future (primarily
heavier rain events and more frequent intense rain
events). Jim also considers the implications for
erosion on agricultural lands and suggests responses
to limit this. Below is a summary of the recommended
actions:

1. Develop a relatively simple methodology for
   identifying and mapping those portions of rural
   watersheds that constitute critical source areas
   for surface runoff, stream sediments and associated
   contaminants.
2. Expand the implementation of nutrient, pesticide
   and bacteria control measures in all agricultural
   regions of the province.
3. For all farms, move towards:
      a. further reduction of pesticide use by 30%
         (IJC 1998 recommendation),
      b. providing adequate containment of manure and
         elimination of winter spreading, and
         minimization of chemical nutrient application
         especially in spring,
      c. minimized non-growing season chemical and
         nutrient application,
      d. installation of buffer strips or set back
         zones, where beneficial,
      e. expanding wetlands where they can be effective
         in reducing peak flows.
4. Develop a plan for compensation to farmers for
   conservation measures to reduce sediment and
   pollutant transport to waterways, to protect soil
   and water quality, and sequester greenhouse gases.
5. Conduct programs to increase areas of forest and
   wetlands in critical source areas to reduce movement
   of sediment and contaminants into waterways and the
   Great Lakes.
6. Monitoring and Assessments to understand trends in
   the Great Lakes basin related to climate change (5
   specific measures are given).
7. Greenhouse Gas Mitigation: Agricultural areas should
   be managed to increase carbon sequestration in soils,
   vegetation and products.

I'm hoping that Jim might join the discussion to
summarize a recent draft paper in which he looked at
projected climate change impacts on flows in the
Athabaska River of northern Alberta, but he is
currently on holidays!

Brenda Lucas

Programme Manager, Fresh Water Resources Protection
The Walter & Duncan Gordon Foundation
11 Church Street, Suite 400
Toronto Ontario M5E 1W1
ph. 416-601-4776
fax 416-601-1689
http://www.gordonfn.org

From: Luc Vescovi
Sent: Thursday, August 10, 2006 9:10 AM
To: Mountain Forum - E-conference
Subject: [mf-ec] RE: Planning for Climate Change, Locally

Dear Rosenberg e-Discussion participants,

Despite all the uncertainties due to the methodologies
used, here are some facts about what we fear in
Quebec-Canada regarding Climate Change.

Spring ---
Higher Temperatures
Less snow accumulated on the ground
Earlier snow melting (intensity/duration more variable)
   -earlier peak-flow
Summer like conditions

Summer ---
More growing degree-days
Many more very hot days/heat waves
Higher probability to see droughts
More stormy rains
Lower low flows at the end of the summer

Fall ---
A very uncertain season
Early fall conditions quasi like summer
Higher risk to get impacted by Hurricane tales
Late arrival and less frequent of permanent snow cover

Winter ---
Higher Temperatures
Rise of liquid precipitation (rain)
More freeze /defreeze events
Spring like events more frequent

To address this new reality in terms of watershed
management, we are focusing our effort to see if
actual watershed management plans are suitable and if
not how to adapt them (by adaptation here, I mean not
only technical issues but also aspects related to
governance, local implication, cultural dimension in
order to overpass the barriers we may face for
implementing new strategies). In fact, I haven't read
Jim Bruce's document but I am sure that interesting
strategies he is discussing will be of great interest
for us. [Moderator’s Note: Jim Bruce’s document
- Planning for Extremes – which Brenda Lucas kindly
provided is now online: http://snipurl.com/um8m]

Questions:

Which facts (presented above) would be more relevant
in Mountain watersheds. Which are the region the most
(or not affected). Also how should the question of
Snow and Glacier melting be addressed?

Thanks for your feedbacks

Luc

---------------------------------------------------
 Luc Vescovi, Ph.D
 Chercheur et coordonateur de programme
 Ouranos Inc.
 550 Sherbrooke Ouest, Tour ouest, 19ième étage
 Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3A 1B9

 Tel: 514.282.6464 ext 324
 Fax: 514.282.7131
 vescovi.luc@ouranos.ca
 http://www.ouranos.ca

-----Original Message-----
From: Babina Kharel
Sent: Thursday, August 10, 2006 9:16 AM
To: Mountain Forum - E-conference
Subject: [mf-ec] RE: Planning for climate change, locally

Hello Rosenberg Participants,

Climate change has already begun showing alarming
signs in Nepal Himalayas. The most crucial consequence
of climate change is glacial retreat. Glacial Lake
Outburst Flooding (GLOF) has been cited as potential
disaster linked to climate change. GLOF can be
foreseen not only as a local problem in Nepal but it
is a transboundary problem. GLOF in Nepal Himalayas
can be equally disastrous to India, Bangladesh and
Bhutan. Sagarmatha National Park, one of the World
Heritage Sites harbours 20 susceptible glacial lakes
as suggested by research. Breaching of such lakes may
not just wash away the communities at highland but
also damage the livelihood of people residing
lowlands. Loss of species is also a threatening
impact of Climate Change. Thus, in context of Nepal
the focal area to be addressed in climate change
sector is ensuring the stability of glacial lakes.

Steps to be taken/ Primary Investments:

* Technical research on highland ecosystem should be
  promoted. A regular monitoring mechanism for being
  informed on glacial lake status should be
  established. GIS, RS and satellite imagery should
  be given enough applications in research.
* Ecosystem components like water level, soil quality
  and air quality parameters should be monitored as
  they serve as indicators to climate change.
* Ecological researches on biological indicators of
  climate change (eg. lichens, frogs, insects, and
  rice) should also be promoted.
* Community involvement in watershed management via
  programs as community forestry, water user groups,
  and clean energy for community electrifications can
  be the area of investments.
* Community Disaster Preparedness programs should be
  emphasized, as disasters are inevitable but the risk
  can be minimized through preparedness programs.

Possible Global Prudent steps:

* After Nepal has ratified the Kyoto Protocol, Nepal
  qualifies for Clean Development Mechanism (CDM).
  The global planning for combating Climate change
  should further more set standards and mechanism for
  carbon trading not only in case of bio fuels but
  also provide incentives for countries promoting
  solar energy. Also a clear and accountable
  mechanism should also be set in order to directly
  benefit the clean energy users.
* Global partnerships in advocacy of climate change
  issues, resources sharing and technical supports
  can be important factors for resolving the dire
  circumstances. Thus, while Designing Frameworks on
  Climate Change energy efficiency projects should be
  encouraged in developing countries with technical
  and financial support from Developed countries.
* Planning over Transboundary scale, rather than in
  isolation can also have significance. This
  facilitates the sharing of limited resources
  between countries.

-----Original Message-----
From: Shelly Minarik
Sent: Thursday, August 10, 2006 10:02 AM
To: Mountain Forum - E-conference
Subject: [mf-ec] RE: Planning for Climate Change, Locally

For this weeks topic, I have the following comments:

I am interested in governance issues. Most of what I
have are questions.

1. What role, if any, can be played by the creation
   of World Parks or other "supra-jurisdictional"
   institutions to protect and manage inter-
   jurisdictional glaciers and snowpacks? Are these
   effective vehicles or institutions for governance?
   Where this has been tried, what has contributed to
   success, and what has contributed to failure? Are
   there any lessons learned?

Although many glaciers and high alpine systems are
contained within one jurisdiction, other jurisdictions
have an interest in the health of these alpine systems,
particularly when their rivers depend in part on the
presence of ice and snow despite it being 1,000 miles
away. How can jurisdictions which are related by
watershed best adapt to hydrological changes that may
include declining snowpacks? Disappearing glaciers?

Is some kind of "watershed park" a potential solution?

I ask this question, because I see that while this
method can promote cooperation and reduce conflict, at
the same time it cannot be effective if there is no
will and or no resources.

For example, creation of a "Glacier Park" has been
suggested as a vehicle to promote peace between India
and Pakistan. There is a huge military presence on the
Sianchen Glacier, on the border. Creating an
International Park has been suggested as a method
first of all, to preserve the glacier and surrounding
ecosystem, and second, to promote peace and trust.
http://www.uvm.edu/~envprog/k2peacepark.htm

At the same time, a Petition has been made to the
World Heritage Committee to have Waterton-Glacier
International Peace Park declared "In Danger", asking
for protective measures and action to be taken to deal
with melting glaciers. The Petitioners allege, in part,
that the current management framework is insufficient
to deal with the matter.
http://law.lclark.edu/org/ielp/

Also recently, the International Joint Commission, a
trans-boundary institution created to manage various
trans-boundary issues between the United States and
Canada, was not asked to investigate a particular
trans-boundary issue relating to pollution of a trans-
boundary river. This is something clearly within the
IJC's mandate. However the IJC cannot act without
express direction from its government to do so. In
response, a submission has been made to the Commission
for Environmental Cooperation, established under the
North American Agreement for Environmental Cooperation
(NAAEC) alleging that the parties to NAAEC have failed
to effectively enforce their environmental laws by
refusing to utilize the IJC.

http://www.sierralegal.org/reports/devilslake_cec_submission_mar06.pdf
http://snipurl.com/uq7s (short URL)

In conclusion, I would appreciate any thoughts as to
how similar existing institutions might be made more
effective in managing emerging issues and changes,
particularly issues like climate and ecological
changes that span a watershed. Or are existing
institutions unable to adapt, and must new ones be
created? A tall order but your thoughts are
appreciated.

2. Has any work been done to calculate "the value"
   of glaciers and snowpack strictly as water
   reservoirs? This is currently a free service...

Thank you

D. Shelly Lobay-Minarik
Murray Fraser Hall
University of Calgary
2400 University Drive NW
Calgary, Alberta
Canada

INTRODUCTION

I apologize for being late in introducing myself to
this discussion group. I'm associate director,
responsible for environmental programming, here at
The Banff Centre. Living at the top of the watershed,
I'm interested in being a responsible steward of the
water that briefly passes us on its way to the three
prairie provinces. As a native Albertan, I'm also
interested in helping to ensure that my province
recognizes that our water is the most precious
natural resource we have. And, as a senior staff
member of a mountain institution, I'm interested in
helping people collaborate effectively to improve
water policy and management.

RESOURCE FOR EDUCATION AND COLLABORATION

There is a lot of interesting and useful information
about regional adaptation projects on the Natural
Resources Canada website at:
http://adaptation.nrcan.gc.ca/overview_e.asp

THE FUTURE OF OUR BASIN

The "Geoscape" section of the same website summarizes
the predicted climate change effects for the Bow River
Basin as follows (I see many commonalities with the
Quebec predictions listed by Dr. Vescovi) ....

Bow River Basin Waterscape Climate change: what is the
future for our water?

Snowpack: A possible reduction of snowpack could
     change water supply.
Glacier melt: Reduced water supply from shrinking
   glaciers
Forest fires: Warmer, drier summers and earlier
   springs may lead to increased forest fires.
Extreme weather: A possible increase in extreme
   weather e.g. tornadoes, hail storms, heat waves,
   droughts, dust storms, floods, blizzards
Agriculture: Increased demand for irrigation and a
   change in crop types due to a longer growing season
River flow: Lower river flow reduces water supply,
   water quality, and recreation activities.
Habitat: Warmer river temperatures stress cold-water
   species such as trout.
Groundwater: Reduced recharge causes lower water
   tables which in turn cause some shallow wells to
   go dry.
Hydroelectric power: Reduced flow decreases power
   generation.

-------------------------------------
(Ms.)L.A.Taylor
Associate Director, Mountain Environment
Mountain Culture at the Banff Centre
107 Tunnel Mountain Drive
Box 1020, Banff Alberta Canada T1L 1H5
Tel: 403-762-6215 Fax: 403-762-6277
www.banffcentre.ca/mountainculture

-----Original Message-----
From: Krause, Amy
Sent: Thursday, August 10, 2006 10:57 AM
To: Mountain Forum - E-conference
Subject: [mf-ec] Resource: Climate Change and Aspen, Colorado - Report

Dear Rosenberg Participants,

Following Leslie Taylor's comments about the impacts
of climate change in the Bow River watershed, some of
you may also be interested in the report recently
released by the City of Aspen, Colorado: "Climate
Change and Aspen: An Assessment of Impacts and
Potential Responses"

The original announcement of this report (below)
appeared on the North American Mountain Forum
discussion list about three weeks ago.

Best,

Amy Krause

-------------------------------------
Amy Krause, Mountain Forum Officer
The Banff Centre, Mountain Culture
107 Tunnel Mountain Drive
Box 1020, Banff Alberta Canada T1L 1H5
p: 1-403-762-6477 f: 1-403-762-6277
amy_krause@banffcentre.ca

-----Original Message-----
From: Dan Richardson [mailto:danr@ci.aspen.co.us]
Sent: Tuesday, July 25, 2006 4:40 PM
To: North American Mountain Forum
R
Hello Mountain Forum,

The City of Aspen is pleased to release "Climate
Change and Aspen: An Assessment of Impacts and
Potential Responses," authored by Aspen Global Change
Institute. The very comprehensive report identifies
what climate impacts are projected by the years 2030
and 2100 and highlights some changes Aspen has seen
already. The report looks at snowpack, wildfire,
stream flows, ecosystems, and what impacts climate
change will have on the local resort economy. The
team AGCI assembled to complete this report include
some of the top scientists in the country and the
city hopes that this information is useful to other
resorts dependant upon snowpack.

Dan Richardson
Global Warming Project Manager
City of Aspen
130 So. Galena Street
Aspen, CO 81611
www.canaryinitiative.com

970.920.5071 phone
866.837.6062 fax
970.309.6765 cell

PRESS RELEASE

July 24th 2006

Aspen Climate Study Finds Serious Risk
to the Future of Skiing

ASPEN, CO - If global warming continues unchecked,
there could be no skiing in Aspen by the end of this
century and possibly well before then, according to a
new study undertaken by scientists for the City of
Aspen. On the other hand, if global emissions of
carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases are reduced,
skiing in Aspen could be preserved.

The study found that Aspen is already seeing the
impacts of climate change, with local temperatures
climbing faster than the global average. For the
future, climate models indicate that if global
greenhouse gas emissions are reduced, Aspen is
projected to experience about 6:F of additional
warming by 2100, giving it a similar climate to that
of Los Alamos, New Mexico. If global emissions
continue their rapid rise, Aspen is projected to warm
14:F by the end of this century, giving it a similar
climate to that of Amarillo, Texas.

Local impacts of projected warming include more
precipitation falling as rain rather snow, more
wildfires and insect outbreaks, and threats to local
species including alpine wildflowers, pika, and aspen
trees. Earlier peak stream flows will have negative
impacts on rafting, fishing, and water supplies.
Longer summers will provide new opportunities for
warm season tourism.

The climate impact study was undertaken as part of the
"Canary Initiative" - a local effort to understand and
reduce Aspen's role in and vulnerability to global
warming. The city has already completed an inventory
of its greenhouse gas emissions and is continuing to
pursue plans to reduce those emissions. The impact
study received additional support from the EPA to
examine impacts associated with altered streamflow.

"While climate change is a global problem, its causes
and its impacts occur locally," says Dan Richardson,
Global Warming Project Manager for the city. "Like
other mountainous areas, Aspen is particularly
vulnerable to global warming," adds report coordinator
John Katzenberger of the Aspen Global Change Institute.
"This is really a pioneering study, where a single
community realized climate change could affect their
quality of life and the local economy and then
commissioned a report to get specific climate change
information about the consequent impacts," notes
Gerald Meehl, senior scientist at the National Center
for Atmospheric Research and a member of the science
advisory panel for the study.

"The longer we wait to address the challenge of
global warming, the worse it gets. If left unchecked,
climate change will devastate much of what we care
about," says Randy Udall of the Community Office for
Resource Efficiency. "Global warming presents serious
threats to our town's future. We are committed to
being among the leaders in the global effort to
respond to this challenge," says Aspen Mayor Helen
Klanderud. Senior Scientist Peter Frumhoff of the
Union of Concerned Scientists notes, "As we found in
California, well- designed regional-scale studies of
climate impacts can be powerful tools for informing
and motivating sound measures to reduce emissions and
prepare for changes that cannot be avoided. I applaud
the city of Aspen for its leadership on this issue."

KEY FINDINGS

Climate Change

1. Aspen's climate has changed noticeably over the
   past 25 years. Temperatures have increased about
   3 degrees F, and the average number of frost free
   days per year has increased about 20 days.

2. While highly variable, total precipitation has
   decreased 6 percent in the past 25 years and the
   amount falling as snow has decreased 18 percent.
   Higher in the area mountains at 10,600 feet, total
   precipitation has decreased 18 percent.

3. The more aggressively the world responds to the
   climate challenge, the better Aspen will fare in
   the future. If global greenhouse gas emissions are
   reduced, Aspen is projected to experience about 6
   degrees F of additional warming by 2100. If global
   emissions continue to rapidly increase, Aspen is
   projected to warm by 14 degrees - giving it a
   climate more like that of Amarillo, Texas. Mid-
   range projections show 9 degrees F of warming.

4. In the future, more of Aspen's precipitation will
   fall as rain rather than as snow. Snowpack will
   decline, and peak runoff will occur earlier in the
   spring. Summer and fall stream flows will be
   reduced, potentially declining below the minimum
   needed to protect aquatic species. The greater the
   temperature rise, the more extreme these effects
   will be.

Ecological Impacts

5. Strong local warming will force some plant and
   animal species to move up to higher elevations. By
   mid-century, the vegetation in Aspen is likely to
   look more like what we now see near Basalt,
   Colorado, a town 1,400 feet lower in elevation, 20
   miles down the Roaring Fork River. Rising
   temperatures and the associated reduction in
   snowpack will threaten many local species, notably
   those dependent on alpine habitat such as
   ptarmagin and pika. Some species are likely to
   become locally extinct.

6. Hotter springs and summers are projected to lead
   to larger and more intense wildfires during the
   first half of the 21st century. For the Aspen area,
   global warming means higher air temperatures,
   reduced snowpack, forest stress, and increases in
   the number of trees killed by insects. Together,
   these are projected to lead to longer, more
   destructive fire seasons.

7. Rising temperatures will increase the likelihood
   of insect outbreaks. Cold nights and winters
   usually keep insect populations in check. Warmer
   nights and winters, along with longer, warmer
   summers will increase the risk of pest population
   explosions. Spruce-fir forests are likely to
   become more vulnerable to spruce beetle
   infestations, and aspen groves may become more
   susceptible to gypsy moth invasions. Overwinter
   mortality of pine beetles, affecting lodgepole,
   ponderosa, and limber pines, is likely to decrease,
   contributing to the likelihood of pine beetle
   outbreaks.

8. Warming is likely to increase the spread of
   invasive plant species. Increased concentration of
   atmospheric CO2 has been shown to be advantageous
   to some invasive plant species. The current spread
   of invasives such as Canada thistle, field bindweed,
   leafy spurge, and spotted knapweed will continue,
   and new, non-native species are likely to colonize
   the area.

Socioeconomic Impacts

9. Water Supplies: Summer and fall streamflows will
   likely be diminished as a result of peak runoff
   occurring earlier in the spring. With the local
   population expected to increase 75% by 2030, and
   associated water demand continuing to grow, the
   potential for water shortages will increase.

10. Agriculture: With the projected increase in
    summer temperatures and little change in
    precipitation, soils and vegetation are likely to
    become drier. Thus, increased irrigation on fields
    may be required, which could lead to increased
    pressure on water resources.

11. The Aspen economy is likely to prove more
    adaptable to climate change than plants and
    animals. Wealthy human communities can innovate
    and diversify, and this could buffer our economy
    somewhat from climate change impacts. However,
    winter recreation, which has been the mainstay
    of the town's economy, is very likely to shrink
    in relative importance. The greater the warming,
    the more difficult and expensive adaptation to
    climate change will be.

12. Skiing: Continued growth in global greenhouse gas
    emissions is projected to end skiing in Aspen by
    2100 and possibly well before then. Reducing
    emissions could preserve skiing at middle and
    upper elevations. In general, the ski season is
    likely to start later and end earlier. Snow depths
    will be reduced. Spring melt will begin earlier.
    Higher temperatures will reduce snowmaking
    opportunities and increase competition for the
    needed water supplies.

13. Rafting: Reduced streamflows will negatively
    affect the rafting industry in the Roaring Fork
    valley. Earlier peak runoff will result in a
    shorter rafting season, and one that starts
    earlier, at a time when there are few tourists in
    town.

14. Fishing: Earlier peak runoff resulting in lower
    and less turbid streamflows in June could benefit
    recreational fishing during that month in the
    short term. On the other hand, lower streamflows
    throughout the summer and fall and increased water
    temperatures (as a result of lower water volumes,
    loss of vegetation cover, and higher air
    temperatures) could have adverse effects on trout
    spawning, stream insect development, and trout
    survival.

Moderator's Note: The full study will be available on
the Canary Initiative website after it is released on 
July 26, 2006.
http://www.canaryinitiative.com/westerncoloradodata.cfm

-----Original Message-----
From: Don Weir
Sent: Thursday, August 10, 2006 12:16 PM
To: Mountain Forum - E-conference
Subject: RE: [mf-ec] EUB strengthens water regulations

Hello All,

The Energy and Utilities Board has recently
strengthened some regulations on the potential
contamination of groundwater by the oil gas sector in
Alberta. It is my understanding that it is being
recognized by government and regulators as demand
increases for surface waters (and the potential for
decreased flow in the South and North Saskatchewan,
and Peace/Athabasca River basins) that groundwater
systems will have to be more stringently monitored.

It is good to see proactive actions. It also means far
more work in the coming years for professionals such
as myself.

Don

EUB BULLETIN STRENGTHENS COMMINGLING REGULATIONS
Scientific Panel to examine … commingling production

Calgary, Alberta...    

The Alberta Energy and Utilities Board (EUB) has
released Bulletin 2006 - 28: Change to the Management
of Commingling of Production from Two or More Pools in
the Wellbore announcing changes to the regulation of
commingled production in Alberta.

Commingling is the production of oil and gas from
multiple pools in one well bore. This long-standing
practice is used to recover low productivity resources
in a wide range of formations and depths throughout
Alberta. Most commingling has typically involved deeper
pools that do not contain non-saline water.

Under the new regulations, industry is broadly
restricted from the commingling of pools where there
is any water production and the well contains
perforations above the base of groundwater protection.

New measures also increase regulatory surveillance of
all wells completed above the base of groundwater
protection, and enhanced data collection and reporting
for new resources. EUB technical and field surveillance
staff will ensure compliance with the revised
requirements and regulations.

Failure to meet EUB requirements will result in
escalating enforcement action that can include full
suspension of operations.

These changes include the commingling of a portion of
the gas-bearing Ardley coals in central Alberta, which
are anticipated to be dry. To ensure continued
groundwater protection, the EUB in association with
Alberta Environment will conduct periodic reviews of
operational data. This data review will be supported
by a scientific panel to be convened in the near
future. A public report detailing the Panel's
findings will be issued within two years of the
commingling Bulletin's implementation.

The changes further support the EUB's commitment to
continue to work cooperatively with Alberta
Environment on important issues of shared
responsibility.

Stakeholder input on commingling was received from
individual Albertans, organizations, government
agencies and industry during May and June 2006 and
is addressed in the revised requirements and
regulations.

The EUB ensures that the discovery, development, and
delivery of Alberta's resources take place in a manner
that is fair, responsible, and in the public interest.

Source:
Environmental Services Association of Alberta (ESAA)
http://www.esaa.org/abedmesa/doc.nsf/doc/news_weekly.cm

Donald V. Weir,

Sr. Environmental Geologist, Hydrogeologist
Amberg Corporation
Suite 604,
10025-106 Street
Edmonton, AB
T5J 1G4
Canada

Ph. +1 (780) 990-0911
Fax: +1 (780) 988-8876
Cell: +1 (780) 886-2453
email: dweir@amberg.ca
Web: http://www.amberg.ca/

Environmental & Regulatory Consultants

Board member MTBAccess
web: http://www.mtbaccess.com

From: Ralf Ludwig
Sent: Friday, August 11, 2006 9:52 AM
To: Mountain Forum - E-conference
Subject: [mf-ec] Theme 1: Planning for Climate Change, Locally

Hello Rosenberg Participants,

The opening thread for this week's round of discussion
has raised the questions (among others) if planning
for local climate change is possible, how scientific
uncertainty may (adversely) affect local water
policies and what kind of research would be most
helpful to support effective adaptation to climate
change impacts. Just a few comments/questions on this:

We can see from the listings of Ms. Taylor and Luc
Vescovi, that we obviously share very similar
problems with regard to climate change in many places
around the world (their listings could also
characterize the Bavarian Alps with small
alterations). From a management perspective, what is
certainly required to start a planning process is to
develop a vision on what we want to have in the future.
Even though climate change (being a part of global
change) may reduce the number of alternatives by
putting enormous pressure on mountain environments,
we still need to have this vision in order to soundly
structure the manifold cognitive conflicts (as well as
the conflicts of value and interest) that are
introduced by the many different water-related
stakeholders (industry, agriculture, tourism, even
military in some places and of course nature itself)
involved in mountain catchments. Even more so, as
Shelly Minarik has already indicated, upland or
headwater catchments in mountain areas (in humid
climates) have always supplied water at no cost as an
ecosystem service to its downstream forelands. How will
alpine regions address this problem in the future, if
seasonal water shortage becomes an even more serious
problem? Will, should and can there be mechanisms to
charge for this service? How could these mechanisms
look like and who will be in charge to quantify and
regulate these? How can we incorporate new (and
formerly unknown) elements in our planning?

From a science perspective, it is doubtless, that we
will always have to face uncertainty associated to
climate change or even climate change impact
predictions. Simply due to the fact, that even if we
had the perfect prediction models (which we don't
have), we will always struggle with the 'no-(or
little-)data-problem', which was already addressed by
Don Weir in this forum. Even though a lot of work
flows into uncertainty analysis and reduction and a
lot of progress has been made for sure, it will
remain a persistent problem. Even more so, as I am
convinced that we need complex process models to
simulate complex processes and draw meaningful
conclusions from its results. Simple models may be
feasible to give a rough idea of cause and impact,
but I doubt that dynamic systems can be adequately
described in simple ways. And we know: the more
complex the model, the larger the gap of missing data,
especially when solitary sciences (with their
inevitable unilateral perspective of the world)
attempt to provide solutions for global change
problems. This is clearly not possible. The key word
for science in this respect is integration (or
co-operation) of core competences from different
science disciplines (natural, social and engineering
sciences are all equally addressed under this subject).
There have been numerous approaches to integration in
this direction, which (to my knowledge) often
struggled or failed due to the different ways the
disciplines formalize and describe their
understanding of the respective processes. I would
like to return to this a little later.

Local water policy makers must be convinced, that
uncertainty is no reason or excuse to hesitate in
seeking adaptation strategies to climate change
impacts (as is already manifested in the Kyoto
Protocol and many other international declarations).
Taking the many different stakeholder interests into
account, it will be difficult to provide adaptation
strategies that leave everyone better off. The
technologies that should be supplied by science must
equip stakeholders with the possibility to understand
and internalize the external effects of their actions
(i.e. taking the cost into account, that their actions
cause for others). Referring to Luc Vescovis' comment,
I think that this is one of the most important
barriers to overpass for implementing new adaptation
strategies. A better general understanding of 'the
whole system' is necessary among stakeholders, as it
can foster co-operation between different parties to
conjointly seek for compromises (if not pareto-optimum
solutions). This is of course not a new idea, it is
basic to all participatory approaches - yet, often I
get the impression that it is not quite clear who the
participants should be and what kind of approach can
effectively bring them together. I am aware that this
is a very difficult task to solve and I am sure there
is no standard way. One option might be to provide
sophisticated modelling, scenario and analysis tools,
that are capable to demonstrate ensembles of possible
futures from different perspectives and under various
assumptions of dynamic boundary conditions.
Stakeholders should have access to these tools (under
scientific guidance) to better assess their possible
course of actions to approach their 'vision' in the
most effective way.

The project GLOWA-Danube is intended to provide such
tools for stakeholders. The methods and technologies
for integrating different science disciplines in a
global change modelling framework may be of interest
for you. A few years ago, I published (with many co-
authors) a rather technical article about the concepts
and building blocks of GLOWA-Danube. Please find the
abstract of this paper in the following. If you find
it interesting, then you may want to read and discuss
the full paper, which I would like to post on the
forum web-site for your access (depending on the
journals' copyright conditions, otherwise I can send
offprints to whoever is interested):

Web-based modelling of energy, water and matter fluxes
to support decision making in mesoscale catchments –
the integrative perspective of GLOWA-Danube

Abstract

The GLOWA-initiative (3D Global Change of the Water
Cycle), funded by the German Ministry of Research and
Education (BMBF), has been established to address the
manifold consequences of Global Change on regional
water resources in a variety of catchment areas with
different natural and cultural characteristics. Within
this framework, the GLOWA-Danube project is dealing
with the Upper Danube watershed as a representative
mesoscale test site (~ 75.000 kmB2) for mountain-
foreland regions in the temperate mid-latitudes. The
principle objective is to identify, examine and
develop new techniques of coupled distributed
modelling for the integration of natural and socio-
economic sciences. The transdisciplinary research in
GLOWA-Danube develops an integrated Decision Support
System, called DANUBIA, to investigate the
sustainability of future water use. GLOWA-Danube,
which is scheduled for a total run-time of eight years
to operationally implement and establish DANUBIA,
comprises a university-based network of experts with
water-related competence in the fields of engineering,
natural and social sciences. Co-operation with a
network of stakeholders in water resources management
of the Upper Danube catchment ensures that practical
issues and future problems in the water sector of the
region can be addressed.

In order to synthesize a common understanding between
the project partners, a standardized notation of
parameters and functions and a platform-independent
structure of computational methods and interfaces has
been established, by making use of the Unified
Modeling Language (UML), an industry standard for the
structuring and co-ordination of large projects in
software development (Booch et al. 1999). DANUBIA is
object-oriented, spatially distributed and raster-
based at its core. It applies the concept of "proxels"
(process pixels) as its basic objects, which have
different dimensions depending on the viewing scale
and connect to their environment through fluxes. The
presented paper excerpts the hydrological view point
of GLOWA-Danube, its approach of model coupling and
network based communication, and object-oriented
techniques to simulate physical processes and
interactions at the land surface. The mechanisms and
technologies applied to communicate data and model
parameters across the typical discipline borders are
demonstrated from the perspective of the Landsurface
object. It comprises the capabilities of
interdependent expert models for energy exchange at
various surface types, snowmelt, soil water movement,
runoff formation and plant growth in a distributed
Java-based modelling environment using the Remote
Method Invocation (RMI) (Pitt et al. 2001). The
presented text summarizes the GLOWA-Danube concept and
shows the state of an implemented DANUBIA prototype
after completion of the first project-year (2001).

Keywords: GLOWA-Danube, DANUBIA, Decision Support
System, web-based modelling, integration

I appreciate your comments and criticism! Of course,
quite some time has passed since this article was
published, and we have made further progress in the
development of the system (especially the
implementation of a deep actor framework for the
social sciences model components). If you are
interested, I can point out some interesting results
of scenario runs (assuming different IPCC scenarios)
we performed for the Upper Danube watershed.

Kind regards,

Ralf

____________________
Prof. Dr. Ralf Ludwig
Remote Sensing and Environmental Modeling
Department of Geography
University of Kiel
Ludewig-Meyn-Str. 14 D-24098 Kiel

fon +49-(0)431-880-3330 fax +49-(0)431-880-4658
email: ludwig@geographie.uni-kiel.de
web: www.agfe.geographie.uni-kiel.de

-----Original Message-----
From: Robert Halliday
Sent: Friday, August 11, 2006 4:17 PM
To: Mountain Forum - E-conference
Subject: [mf-ec] RE: Planning for Climate Change, Locally

Greetings,

I would like to offer two brief comments to the
discussion.

First, for many large river basins, the water source
lies in the mountains, yet the population centres are
in the lowlands and there is no reason to expect the
climate change effects to be similar. Climate change
will not only affect the volume and timing of runoff
from the mountains, but also will affect demands for
water in the lowlands. Increased heat units, for
example, may permit growing higher valued and,
perhaps, more water consuming crops in the lowland. At
the same time, climate change in the lowland may
reduce local runoff thereby increasing demand for more
reliable mountain runoff. All this to say that the
hydrological affects of climate change should be
considered both for the mountainous source areas and
for the areas where water is used.

Second, climate change will have a long-term effect
on vegetative cover, either though changes in forest
succession or in changes to cropping practices. This
land use change will provide a feedback mechanism that
may amplify or counter the hydrological effects of
climate change. I'd be interested in any
investigations of this. Many contemporary studies hold
land cover constant while examining hydrological
effects of new climates.

Bob Halliday
R. Halliday & Associates
717 Sixth Ave. North
Saskatoon, SK
Canada S7K 2S8
Tel. 306-665-0805
Fax. 306-665-0860

-----Original Message-----
From: Fernando Carlos Aguero Contreras
Sent: Monday, August 14, 2006 1:43 PM
To: Mountain Forum - E-conference
Subject: [mf-ec] RE: Planning for Climate Change, Locally

SOME REFLECTIONS

The realities observed and the explanations given by
the participants in this discussion list produce me a
lot of astonishment and at the same time let me to
understand how real, deep, and dramatic are the
climate changes that are taking place in the whole
world. There are unbelievable similarities among the
most distant and different regions of the world like
North America, the Himalaya, the Philippines or in
the Caribbean Zone. 
 
Although I am neither an expert of natural sciences
nor specialist in biodiversity studies, or
climatology, these realities push us to think how
many common topics the women and men of this planet
need to face in a joint way. It is clear for me, that
the mountain chains are the most sensitive places of
the islands and therefore the most fragile ecosystems.
Maybe we are aware of that but you can be sure that
thousands and thousands and millions of people are
not able to understand these realities at present
times.
 
New facts in the Caribbean Regions that scared the
neophytes;
 
* The well known summer season is more lengthened and
  hotter in several degrees than in the past century.

* The rainy period is shorter and more intense:
  terrible consequences for seasonal practices of
  most agricultural harvests.

* The lengthening period of drought.

* The winter time became hotter.

* The increased number of the storms, rains with
  hail, and hurricanes.

* The hurricanes are more dry, less rainy.

* A heating process of the surface waters of the sea
  takes place: if the historical average for the
  times June - October was of 29B0 degrees, presently
  they ascend at 31B0 - 32B0 degrees: this produces
  an acceleration of the intensity of the winds in
  times of hurricanes. 

* The proportion of hurricanes of great intensity are
  more common. 
 
Theoretical implications. 
 
According to my way of thinking, one subject is in
relationship with resources and in a closed relation
with science’s cultural practices. World climate
changes require that the results of scientific
activities should be shared with the great majority
of people and not all are prepared to do that.

Another point is the meaningful barrier found with
the absence of interdisciplinary practices in the
diverse field of sciences, mainly between natural,
techniques and social sciences. 

I think that the best endeavours need to:

* Face the dilemma between the sustainable
  development and poverty.

* Develop general education and culture as the first
  step of environmental education. 

* Development of society should be more scientifically
  planned and it is necessary to look for more
  correspondence between scientific research and
  political decision-making.

The culture of the human groups that live in the
mountains should be prepared continuously to face the
terrible impacts of climate changes and to assume,
with the support of science and technology, the
challenges of the future: learning to live with
droughts, the intensity of rainy periods. Of course
all these changes imply that human groups must
rationalize new patterns of life, of production, a
capacity of mobilization to be able to catch rapidly
and in a right way early alert programs, avoiding
bigger catastrophes.
 
Possible alternatives.

What I think should be done first to limit the
present influences and impacts of world climate
changes are:

* Multilateral cooperation 

* Assume integral development strategies that include
  education of the culture, reforestation, the care
  of the basins, the study and protection of
  biodiversity, protection of the flora and fauna,
  with more integrated programs. The outlines of
  development have to approach concrete, precise
  goals but they have to be indispensably very
  integral. One cannot think that hungry people
  will take charge first of protecting the sources
  of supply of water, or in preserving a valuable
  species that offers them very good food under
  conditions of survival.  

* Refocus the educational and cultural programs with
  access and facilities for the greatest majorities. 

* Share with more and more people all of our ideas,
  looking for persons that after being trained could
  be able to do a multiplication of these ways of
  thinking.

* The new realities found for all science around the
  world that climate change needs to be introduced at
  the curriculum of the school system (primary,
  secondary, high school, universities and
  postgraduates courses) and stimulating master
  degree and Ph.d programs creating enough capacities
  to face and solve the tragedy.

Many people in the world are ready to do things like
these and I deeply trust in the possibilities to
solve this problems.

Best Regards

Fernando Carlos Agúero Contreras

-----Original Message-----
From: Vishwambhar Prasad Sati
Sent: Monday, August 14, 2006 5:19 PM
To: Mountain Forum - E-conference
Subject: [mf-ec] RE: Land, Energy & Climate Change in the Himalaya

Dear Moderators and e-discussants,

I want to share my views on water resource potential
and management in the Himalayan region. I did a case
study of the Pindar Basin in terms of water resource
availability and its utilization. Although, abundant
water resources are available as rivers, glaciers,
springs and small streams, water scarcity is found
everywhere, particularly during the summer season.
The water is neither used for dinking nor for
irrigation purposes. The major hindrance of its
utilization is the presence of settlements in the
mid-slopes while water flows in the valley regions
and there is not any such means to lift the water to
the mid-slopes. Ample water supply through
construction of macro and meso hydropower projects is
not viable due to the fragility and instability of
terrain. In this article, I suggest that micro-
hydropower projects and improved gharat systems
according to the need base are more suited, which will
solve the doe problems of drinking water and
irrigation as well as will avail electricity for the
poor rural people who are dependent on the forest
for firewood.

Vishwambhar Prasad Sati, Ph. D.
Associate Professor and Head
Department of Geography
Eritrea Institute of Technology
P. O. Box 11370
Asmara, Eritrea, N. E. Africa

________________________________

Water is the most underutilized, at the same time most
abundant resource of Himalaya. It is estimated that
about 11,00,000 million cubic meter water flows every
year down the Himalaya offering a potentiality of
generating electricity to the tune of 28,000 MW and
making as much as 247,000 million cubic meters water
available for irrigation in the Indo-gangetic plains.
Despite of a surplus of water resource and hydropower,
scarcity of this resource in the form of short supply
of drinking water, predominance of rain-fed farming
and low level of electrification are common in many
areas. Flow of water as a result of high slope
gradient and velocity provide immense scope for power
generation and improving upon the efficiency of
agricultural systems in the region.

The Pindar basin has the great potential of having
huge reservoir of freshwater as a form of glaciers,
rivers, streams and natural springs. These sources of
water are perennial in nature. But the utilization of
water is not proper because the rivers and their
tributaries flow in the valley regions while
agricultural fields and human settlements are located
on the mid slopes, where the possibility of water
supply from the valley regions are just negligible.
Furthermore, fragility of terrain does not permit for
any activities related with ample water supply. The
populace of the region depends on the natural springs
of water for their drinking water need, which are
insufficient. The rainwater run-off to the plains
along with river water and due to poor management of
water, water crises prevail everywhere in the basin.
There is a slogan in local language "Pahado ka pani
aur Jawani dono medan mein bah gayi", which means that
the water and youth of the hills drained to the plains.

Watermills, locally known as gharats, are the major
traditional system for making wheat floor. These
gharats are either seasonal or operating throughout
the year. Seasonal gharats are operated during the
rainy season when water level accedes in the stream.
Although, these streams are perennial in nature, yet
during the summer, level of water goes below the
required amount. These are mostly found in the higher
reaches, while in the low-lying areas, the gharats
are operated throughout the year. Gharats are the
source of livelihood for the people, who are engaged
with this practice. Still, most of the places in the
highlands, this system is prevailing, while, due to
wheat floor industries flourishing everywhere,
particularly in the valley region, the emergence of
gharats is getting down.

Management of water resource in the mountain areas is
a crucial issue because of the terrain, fragility of
land landmasses and heavy inputs of money, which does
not permit for construction of the dams, macro or meso.
Most of the activities related with generation of
electricity and construction of dams during the winder
due to low level of water, disrupted during the rainy
season because of the high water level, sometime above
the danger marks. The whole constructions have been
seen swept away during the rainy season in many times.
The velocity of water remains high due to high slope
gradient and high amount of water almost in throughout
the year. It is therefore, suggested that micro-level
hydropower plants may be more successful, which can
supply the electricity to the small clusters of
villages. Even, the micro-drainage basin can be
divided into the sub divisions for the convenience of
the installation of power plants. Traditional
management of water resource as a form of gharat
(water mills) and gools (small canals) did not involve
any advance technology, while they are more suited for
generation of electricity and are adaptable in this
fragile land. Throughout the basin, several ideal
locations are existed where micro dams can be
constructed. The most important point in support of
the construction of big dams is that the villages are
fragmented and sparse settlements are seen everywhere,
therefore, construction of micro-level hydropower
plants (Improved gharats) are economically viable and
environmentally sound. The impacts of the gharat
system would on economic development; employment and
reducing degradation of environment are as follows:

   Reducing plan outlay because, this system requires
low monetary input and the community people themselves
can do this and become self-reliant.
           
   Reducing unemployment because more people will
involve with this entrepreneur.

   Reducing environmental degradation through
conserving the areas where the electric line will be
imposed.

Vishwambhar Prasad Sati, Ph. D.
Associate Professor and Head
Department of Geography
Eritrea Institute of Technology
P. O. Box 11370
Asmara, Eritrea, N. E. Africa
E-mail: vishwambhars@yahoo.co.uk

-----Original Message-----
From: Benedicto Q. Sanchez [mailto:bindbcd@globelines.com.ph]
Sent: Wednesday, August 16, 2006 9:34 AM
To: Mountain Forum - E-conference
Subject: [mf-ec] RE: Theme 1: Planning for Climate Change, Locally

Hello All,

We in BIND who are involved with sustainable mountain
development at the Northern Negros Forest Reserve
often talk about the birds and the bees as well as the
flowers and the trees and the moon overhead as well.
Nothing romantic, sexy, dirty or pornographic at all.

We talk about the sustainable harvesting of wild honey
of Apis dorsata, which produces the natural sweet
liquid from pollens and nectar it forages from
flowering forest trees.

The alternating dry and monsoon seasons and mountain
water systems (which can both be disrupted by climate
change) play an important role in harvesting honey and
in conserving the tropical forest ecosystem on which
the Apis dorsata relies - the same tropical rainforest
ecosystem that sequesters carbon.

To search for dorsata's nests, honey hunters look for
telltale signs on other forest resources. For example,
a mass of floating droppings in rivers or a vertical
flight of swarms indicate that a comb is nearby, while
horizontal flight means it is far off.

Trees play an important part in wild honey
conservation. They are important for dorsata, both for
nest support and as sources of food. Found
predominantly in or near forests, dorsata builds its
nests in open air, suspended single-combs from beneath
the branches of largely dipterocarp species or in
cliffs for support. Dorsata tends to nest high in the
air as high as 50 meters.

The vines serve as windbreakers and camouflage against
bird predators that hunt for bee larvae as a special
delicacy. On the other hand, a full moon or high tide
during the flowering months indicates that worker bees
will be out hunting for pollen and nectar.

Dorsata builds single hanging combs, divided into
honey storage at the top, followed by pollen storage,
worker brood and drone brood.

To ensure future honey harvesting, harvesting must
protect not only the queen bee, the drones, and their
broods but the trees and flowers and vines as well.

To conserve the dorsata, honey plundering should take
only the kalaba, or the cut comb honey, but not the
balayan, or the comb-the wax structure made of
hexagonal cells in which the honey bees rear their
brood and store food.

That way, the bee colony will have food to eat during
the long rainy days. Negrense honey hunters say the
practice encourages the migratory bees to return early
and more frequently, in fact, every quarter instead of
yearly.

So next time, you talk of the bees and the birds,
think of the animals and the plants-not just of human
lovebirds.

Benedicto Q. Sànchez
Program Coordinator BIND
Dr 1 Adela Arcade, Don Vicente Bldg.
Locsin St., Bacolod City 6100
Negros Occidental
Philippines
Telefax: (6334) 433 8315
Telephone: (6334) 432 1510
E-mail: bindbcd@globelines.com.ph
URL: www.bindnegros.org